By the mid-18th century, as farming of potato became widespread, the relative importance of Jerusalem Artichoke as a food plant decreased (Kays & Nottingham, 2008). Among these, ‘Jerusalem Artichoke’, thought to be a corruption of the Italian ‘ girasole articiocco’ (‘sunflower artichoke’ Smith, 1807), is its most widely used appellative. In the process, it acquired an impressive assortment of common names that vary in botanical accuracy (Heiser, 1976 Kosaric et al., 1984 Kays & Nottingham, 2008), such as ‘Jerusalem Artichoke’ or ‘Sunchoke’. After being transferred to the Old World in the early 1600s, it was readily adopted as a food plant (Heiser, 1976 Kosaric et al., 1984 Kays & Nottingham, 2008). As such, although tuber archeological remains are yet to be recovered for this species, H. tuberosus represents one of the few domesticates that can support eastern North America as one of the world's cradles of domestication. The Cree and Huron Indians of eastern North America, who referred to this plant as ‘askipaw’ and ‘skibwan’ (‘raw thing’), respectively, grew it for its large tubers before the first European contact (Heiser, 1976 Kosaric et al., 1984 Kays & Nottingham, 2008). The perennial sunflower Helianthus tuberosus is a taxon with a rich human-connected history.
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We provide the first genetic evidence that this species originated recursively from perennial sunflowers of central-eastern North America via hybridization between tetraploid Hairy Sunflower and diploid Sawtooth Sunflower. Our results refute the possibility that Jerusalem Artichoke is of H. annuus ancestry.We identify relationships among Helianthus taxa using complete plastomes (151 551 bp), partial mitochondrial genomes (196 853 bp) and 35S (8196 bp) and 5S (514 bp) ribosomal DNA. Here, we test these scenarios by skimming the genomes of diverse populations of Jerusalem Artichoke and its putative progenitors.Competing hypotheses implicate the occurrence of polyploidization with or without hybridization, and list the annual sunflower H. annuus and five distantly related perennial sunflower species as potential parents.
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The perennial sunflower Helianthus tuberosus, known as Jerusalem Artichoke or Sunchoke, was cultivated in eastern North America before European contact.